This is a text-only version of the following page on https://raymii.org: --- Title : IPSEC L2TP VPN on Ubuntu 12.10 with OpenSwan, xl2tpd and ppp Author : Remy van Elst Date : 01-12-2014 URL : https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_with_Ubuntu_12.10.html Format : Markdown/HTML --- This is a guide on setting up a IPSEC/L2TP vpn on Ubuntu 12.10 using Openswan as the IPsec server, xl2tpd as the l2tp provider and ppp for authentication. We choose the IPSEC/L2TP protocol stack because of recent vulnerabilities found in pptpd VPNs. ### Why a VPN? More than ever, your freedom and privacy when online is under threat. Governments and ISPs want to control what you can and can't see while keeping a record of everything you do, and even the shady-looking guy lurking around your coffee shop or the airport gate can grab your bank details easier than you may think. A self hosted VPN lets you surf the web the way it was intended: anonymously and without oversight. A VPN (virtual private network) creates a secure, encrypted tunnel through which all of your online data passes back and forth. Any application that requires an internet connection works with this self hosted VPN, including your web browser, email client, and instant messaging program, keeping everything you do online hidden from prying eyes while masking your physical location and giving you unfettered access to any website or web service no matter where you happen to live or travel to. This tutorial is available for the following platforms: * [Raspberry Pi with Arch Linux ARM][1] * [CentOS 7, Scientific Linux 7 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 (IKEv2,no L2TP)][2] * [CentOS 6, Scientific Linux 6 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6][3] * [Ubuntu 16.04, (IKEv2,no L2TP)][4] * [Ubuntu 15.10, (IKEv2,no L2TP)][5] * [Ubuntu 15.04, (IKEv2,no L2TP)][6] * [Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][7] * [Ubuntu 13.10][8] * [Ubuntu 13.04][9] * [Ubuntu 12.10][10] * [Ubuntu 12.04 LTS][11]

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IPSec encrypts your IP packets to provide encryption and authentication, so no one can decrypt or forge data between your clients and your server. L2TP provides a tunnel to send data. It does not provide encryption and authentication though, that is why we need to use it together with IPSec. To work trough this tutorial you should have: * 1 ubuntu 12.10 server with at least 1 public IP address and root access * 1 (or more) clients running an OS that support IPsec/L2tp vpns (Ubuntu, Mac OS, Windows, Android). * Ports 1701 TCP, 4500 UDP and 500 UDP opened in the firewall. If you are not running Ubuntu 12.10 you might have to compile the packages manually because openswan and xl2tpd in the older repositories seem to have critical bugs which make this all fail. I do all the steps as the root user. You should do to, but only via * -i* or * su -*. Do not allow root to login via SSH! #### Install ppp openswan and xl2tpd First we will install the required packages: apt-get install openswan xl2tpd ppp The openswan installation will ask some questions, this tutorial works with the default answers (just enter through it). If you do not have lsof installed you also need to install that, otherwise the ipsec verify will fail: apt-get install lsof #### Firewall and sysctl We are going to set the firewall and make sure the kernel forwards IP packets: Execute this command to enable the iptables firewall to allow the vpn: iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --jump MASQUERADE Execute the below commands to enable kernel IP packet forwarding and disable ICP redirects. echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0" | tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf for vpn in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*; do echo 0 > $vpn/accept_redirects; echo 0 > $vpn/send_redirects; done sysctl -p ##### /etc/rc.local To make sure this keeps working at boot you might want to add the following to /etc/rc.local: for vpn in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*; do echo 0 > $vpn/accept_redirects; echo 0 > $vpn/send_redirects; done iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --jump MASQUERADE There are better ways to do this (via sysctl.conf and ufw for example) but this is something that just works. #### Configure Openswan (IPSEC) Use your favorite editor to edit the following file: /etc/ipsec.conf Below is the contents of mine. Most lines have a comment below it explaining what it does. config setup dumpdir=/var/run/pluto/ #in what directory should things started by setup (notably the Pluto daemon) be allowed to dump core? nat_traversal=yes #whether to accept/offer to support NAT (NAPT, also known as "IP Masqurade") workaround for IPsec virtual_private=%v4:10.0.0.0/8,%v4:192.168.0.0/16,%v4:172.16.0.0/12,%v6:fd00::/8,%v6:fe80::/10 #contains the networks that are allowed as subnet= for the remote client. In other words, the address ranges that may live behind a NAT router through which a client connects. protostack=netkey #decide which protocol stack is going to be used. conn L2TP-PSK-NAT rightsubnet=vhost:%priv also=L2TP-PSK-noNAT conn L2TP-PSK-noNAT authby=secret #shared secret. Use rsasig for certificates. pfs=no #Disable pfs auto=add #start at boot keyingtries=3 #Only negotiate a conn. 3 times. ikelifetime=8h keylife=1h type=transport #because we use l2tp as tunnel protocol left=%SERVERIP% #fill in server IP above leftprotoport=17/1701 right=%any rightprotoport=17/%any ##### The shared secret The shared secret is defined in the /etc/ipsec.secrets file. Make sure it is long and random: %SERVERIP% %any: PSK "69EA16F2C5DCED8B29E74A7D1B0FE99E69F6BDCD3E44" ##### Verify Now to make sure IPSEC works, execute the following command: ipsec verify My output looks like this: Checking your system to see if IPsec got installed and started correctly: Version check and ipsec on-path [OK] Linux Openswan U2.6.37/K3.2.0-29-generic-pae (netkey) Checking for IPsec support in kernel [OK] SAref kernel support [N/A] NETKEY: Testing XFRM related proc values [OK] [OK] [OK] Checking that pluto is running [OK] Pluto listening for IKE on udp 500 [OK] Pluto listening for NAT-T on udp 4500 [OK] Two or more interfaces found, checking IP forwarding [OK] Checking NAT and MASQUERADEing [OK] Checking for 'ip' command [OK] Checking /bin/sh is not /bin/dash [WARNING] Checking for 'iptables' command [OK] Opportunistic Encryption Support [DISABLED] The `/bin/sh` and `Opportunistic Encryption` warnings can be ignored. The first one is a openswan bug and the second doesn't matter. #### Configure xl2tpd Use your favorite editor to edit the following file: /etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf Below is the contents of mine. Most lines have a comment below it explaining what it does. [global] ipsec saref = yes [lns default] ip range = 172.16.1.30-172.16.1.100 local ip = 172.16.1.1 refuse pap = yes require authentication = yes ppp debug = yes pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd length bit = yes * ip range = range of IPs to give to the connecting clients * local ip = IP of VPN server * refuse pap = refure pap authentication * ppp debug = yes when testing, no when in production #### Local user (PAM//etc/passwd) authentication To use local user accounts via pam (or /etc/passwd), and thus not having plain text user passwords in a text file you have to do a few extra steps. Huge thanks to `Sascha Scandella` for the hard work and troubleshooting. In your `/etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf` add the following line: unix authentication = yes and remove the following line: refuse pap = yes In the file `/etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd` make sure you do not add the following line (below it states to add it, but not if you want to use UNIX authentication): require-mschap-v2 Also in that file (`/etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd`) add the following extra line: login Change `/etc/pam.d/ppp` to this: auth required pam_nologin.so auth required pam_unix.so account required pam_unix.so session required pam_unix.so Add the following to `/etc/ppp/pap-secrets`: * l2tpd "" * (And, skip the `chap-secrets` file below (adding users).) #### Configuring PPP Use your favorite editor to edit the following file: /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd Below is the contents of mine. Most lines have a comment below it explaining what it does. require-mschap-v2 ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4 auth mtu 1200 mru 1000 crtscts hide-password modem name l2tpd proxyarp lcp-echo-interval 30 lcp-echo-failure 4 * ms-dns = The dns to give to the client. I use googles public DNS. * proxyarp = Add an entry to this systems ARP [Address Resolution Protocol] table with the IP address of the peer and the Ethernet address of this system. This will have the effect of making the peer appear to other systems to be on the local ethernet. * name l2tpd = is used in the ppp authentication file. #### Adding users Every user should be defined in the `/etc/ppp/chap-secrets` file. Below is an example file. # Secrets for authentication using CHAP # client server secret IP addresses alice l2tpd 0F92E5FC2414101EA * bob l2tpd DF98F09F74C06A2F * * client = username for the user * server = the name we define in the ppp.options file for xl2tpd * secret = password for the user * IP Address = leave to * for any address or define addresses from were a user can login. #### Testing it To make sure everything has the newest config files restart openswan and xl2tpd: /etc/init.d/ipsec restart; /etc/init.d/xl2tpd restart; On the client connect to the server IP address (or add a DNS name) with a valid user, password and the shared secret. Test if you have internet access and which IP you have (via for example . If it is the VPN servers IP then it works. Another nice test is to connect multiple clients of which one has a webserver. Make sure it only listens on a VPN IP (172.16.1.xxx in above example). Test if you can access it only via the VPN. You now have a secret webserver. If you experience problems make sure to check the client log files and the ubuntu /var/log/syslog file. If you google the error messages you most of the time get a good answer. [1]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_on_a_Raspberry_Pi_with_Arch_Linux.html [2]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_vpn_with_CentOS_7.html [3]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_on_CentOS_-_Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux_or_Scientific_-_Linux_6.html [4]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_vpn_with_Ubuntu_16.04.html [5]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_vpn_with_Ubuntu_15.10.html [6]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_vpn_with_Ubuntu_15.04.html [7]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_with_Ubuntu_14.04.html [8]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_with_Ubuntu_13.10.html [9]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_with_Ubuntu_13.04.html [10]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_with_Ubuntu_12.10.html [11]: https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/IPSEC_L2TP_vpn_with_Ubuntu_12.04.html [12]: https://www.digitalocean.com/?refcode=7435ae6b8212 --- License: All the text on this website is free as in freedom unless stated otherwise. 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