This is a text-only version of the following page on https://raymii.org:
---
Title : Install NetBSD 9.2 on a DEC Alpha CPU with AXPBox
Author : Remy van Elst
Date : 28-08-2021
URL : https://raymii.org/s/articles/NetBSD_Alpha_AXPbox.html
Format : Markdown/HTML
---
![screenshot][12]
> Neofetch running on NetBSD inside AXPbox
This is a guide on installing and running NetBSD 9.2 for the DEC Alpha CPU
architecture on AXPbox, the open source Alpha Emulator. I recently wrote an
article on [how to install NetBSD in QEMU][2] for Alpha and since [I'm involved][3]
with the AXPbox project this article was just a matter of time. This guide
shows you how to compile AXPbox and install NetBSD 9.2. It also shows you
how to install packages without networking available and includes `openssl`
and `sysbench` benchmarks, which we compare to NetBSD running inside QEMU.
Recently I removed all Google Ads from this site due to their invasive tracking, as well as Google Analytics. Please, if you found this content useful, consider a small donation using any of the options below:
I'm developing an open source monitoring app called Leaf Node Monitoring, for windows, linux & android. Go check it out!
Consider sponsoring me on Github. It means the world to me if you show your appreciation and you'll help pay the server costs.
You can also sponsor me by getting a Digital Ocean VPS. With this referral link you'll get $100 credit for 60 days.
AXPbox runs NetBSD less well than QEMU does, it's a bit slower, enabling
networking or a GUI crashes NetBSD and running with more than 512 MB RAM also
crashes NetBSD during installation. The fun thing however is that the OpenSSL
benchmark, which failed horribly on QEMU, runs well on AXPbox. The big
selling point of AXPbox is that it runs [OpenVMS][1] (QEMU doesn't). NetBSD
and other UNIXes(Tru64) kind of work, but that's more a by-product than an
actual feature.
Comparing `sysbench` benchmarks between QEMU and AXPbox we can see that QEMU
is two to three times faster when running NetBSD.
This guide does not cover X11 / GUI, since there is no networking available.
No networking means that you cannot SSH into the machine and use X11 forwarding.
If in the future networking does work, you can follow the [other guide][2] that
has instructions for VNC or [this guide][4] that covers SSH X11 forwarding. I
did also try the AXPbox [VGA console][5] but as you might have guessed, that
[crashed NetBSD][13].
Package installation is a bit difficult as well since there is no networking.
However, we can work around that by downloading the package files and creating
an ISO file, which can be mounted inside NetBSD. Poor mans file transfer, but
that way I was able to get sysbench installed.
Nevertheless, I love the fact that Alpha emulation is so much better then
[it was three years ago][6] when I wrote about it. AXPbox is awesome for
OpenVMS and the recent QEMU fixes make that great for NetBSD. I love these
developments!
### Compiling and configuring AXPbox
Make sure you have git and a development environment installed. For Ubuntu:
apt install build-essential git
Clone the AXPbox git repository:
git clone https://github.com/lenticularis39/axpbox.git
You can also use one of the pre-built release versions, as of writing 1.1.0 is
the latest. If you do that, skip the build process and continue to the configuration
section.
Create a build folder and compile AXPbox:
mkdir build && cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="Release"
make -j$(($(nproc) + 1))
In your build folder there should now be a binary named `AXPbox`:
./axpbox
AXPBox Alpha Emulator (commit cba974cdfa4d2b8a459e7c1eb1943fff8b514a09)
Usage: ../build/axpbox run|configure
Create a `netbsd` folder where the config, ISO and disk are. Not really required, but
I like to keep my virtualized configs seperated:
mkdir netbsd
cd netbsd
Create a folder for the ROM file, which AXPbox needs to boot:
mkdir rom
cd rom
Download the SRM rom file:
wget https://raymii.org/s/inc/downloads/es40-srmon/cl67srmrom.exe
cd ..
Add the config file for AXPbox. Create or edit `es40.cfg`:
vim es40.cfg
Paste the following contents:
sys0 = tsunami
{
memory.bits = 29;
rom.srm = "rom/cl67srmrom.exe";
rom.decompressed = "rom/decompressed.rom";
rom.flash = "rom/flash.rom";
rom.dpr = "rom/dpr.rom";
cpu0 = ev68cb
{
speed = 1800M;
icache = false;
skip_memtest_hack = true;
}
serial0 = serial
{
port = 21264;
action = "";
}
pci0.15 = ali_ide
{
}
pci0.1 = sym53c810
{
disk0.0 = file
{
file = "disk.img";
cdrom = false;
read_only = false;
}
disk0.1 = file
{
file = "netbsd.iso";
cdrom = true;
read_only = true;
}
}
pci0.7 = ali
{
mouse.enabled = false;
vga_console = false;
}
}
Last but not least, create an empty disk file where you will install NetBSD onto:
truncate -s 20G disk.img
I've used 20 GB as size, but less than that will work fine as well. I think
you need 1.5GB for a full NetBSD installation.
Now that the emulator is all set up and ready, continue on to the next section
where we'll start the NetBSD installation.
### Installing NetBSD inside AXPbox
Before we can install NetBSD, we need to download the ISO file. I'm using the
latest current ISO because that was what the QEMU article used, 9.2 should
work just as well.
Check [the following directory][8] for the current version of the latest
`current` ISO, in my case `NetBSD-9.99.88-alpha.iso`. Download the ISO:
wget -O netbsd.iso https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/HEAD/latest/images/NetBSD-9.99.88-alpha.iso
Note: If the version number changed, the above command will return a 404 error and you must
specify the new URL yourself.
More information on how the `current` (development/daily) builds work can be
found [here][9] on the NetBSD site.
AXPbox supports booting from the ISO directly, as opposed to QEMU, there
we had to provide a separate kernel file.
Once the ISO is downloaded, you can start AXPbox. Make sure you're in
the same folder as the `es40.cfg` file and the NetBSD ISO. In my case
AXPbox is in the `../build` folder, if yours is somewhere else,
adapt the commands accordingly.
../build/axpbox run
Output:
sys0(tsunami): $Id: System.cpp,v 1.79 2008/06/12 07:29:44 iamcamiel Exp $
%FLS-F-NOREST: Flash could not be restored from rom/flash.rom
sys0(tsunami): $Id: Flash.cpp,v 1.19 2008/03/24 22:11:50 iamcamiel Exp $
pci0.1(sym53c810).disk0.0(file): Mounted file disk.img, 10485760 512-byte blocks, 16384/16/40.
pci0.1(sym53c810).disk0.1(file): Mounted file netbsd.iso, 168005 2048-byte blocks, 33601/5/1.
dma: $Id: DMA.cpp,v 1.9 2008/04/29 09:24:52 iamcamiel Exp $
%DPR-F-NOREST: DPR could not be restored from rom/dpr.rom
sys0(tsunami): $Id: DPR.cpp,v 1.23 2008/06/12 07:29:44 iamcamiel Exp $
cpu0(ev68cb)(0): $Id: AlphaCPU.cpp,v 1.82 2009/03/16 01:33:27 iamcamiel Exp $
serial0(serial): Waiting for connection on port 21264.
Open another terminal and connect to the emulator, after which it will continue booting:
telnet 127.0.0.1 21264
Output:
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
This is serial port #0 on ES40 Emulator
A bunch of output appears which is all part of the emulator startup sequence,
no NetBSD yet:
OpenVMS PALcode V1.98-104, Tru64 UNIX PALcode V1.92-105
starting console on CPU 0
initialized idle PCB
initializing semaphores
initializing heap
initial heap 240c0
memory low limit = 1b0000 heap = 240c0, 17fc0
initializing driver structures
initializing idle process PID
initializing file system
initializing hardware
initializing timer data structures
lowering IPL
CPU 0 speed is 1786 MHz
create dead_eater
create poll
create timer
create powerup
access NVRAM
Memory size 512 MB
testing memory
..
probe I/O subsystem
probing hose 1, PCI
probing hose 0, PCI
probing PCI-to-ISA bridge, bus 1
bus 0, slot 1 -- pka -- NCR 53C810
bus 0, slot 15 -- dqa -- Acer Labs M1543C IDE
bus 0, slot 15 -- dqb -- Acer Labs M1543C IDE
starting drivers
entering idle loop
*** system serial number not set. use set sys_serial_num command.
Partition 0, Memory base: 000000000, size: 020000000
initializing GCT/FRU at 1c8000
Initializing pka ewa dqa dqb
Memory Testing and Configuration Status
Array Size Base Address Intlv Mode
--------- ---------- ---------------- ----------
0 512Mb 0000000000000000 4-Way
512 MB of System Memory
Testing the System
Testing the Disks (read only)
Testing the Network
AlphaServer ES40 Console V7.3-1, built on Feb 27 2007 at 12:57:47
P00>>>
Once you see the `P00>>>` prompt, the fist part of the boot process is finished. Enter
the command `show dev` to see which devices are available:
P00>>>sho de
Output:
dka0.0.0.1.0 DKA0 RZ58 2000
dka100.1.0.1.0 DKA100 RRD42 4.5d
ewa0.0.0.4.0 EWA0 08-00-DE-AD-BE-EF
dva0.0.0.1000.0 DVA0
pka0.7.0.1.0 PKA0 SCSI Bus ID 7
If you've configured the disk under the IDE controller, the disk names are different:
P00>>>sho de
dqa0.0.0.15.0 DQA0 disk.img
dqa1.1.0.15.0 DQA1 netbsd .iso
dva0.0.0.1000.0 DVA0
ewa0.0.0.4.0 EWA0 08-00-DE-AD-BE-EF
pka0.7.0.1.0 PKA0 SCSI Bus ID 7
I found SCSI disks to be more stable and a bit faster when installing, which is why
I'm using those. You can try IDE, it should work fine. Mixing the two could result
in a bug, there is one open in AXPbox regarding copying from an IDE CDROM to a SCSI
disk.
I was testing with networking when I copied this output, which is why you see
a network adapter in the output. That turned out not to work, as you might
have read in the introduction.
Enter the command `boot dka100` to boot from the CDROM drive (with the NetBSD iso):
P00>>>boot dka100
Output:
(boot dka100.1.0.1.0 -flags 0)
block 0 of dka100.1.0.1.0 is a valid boot block
reading 13 blocks from dka100.1.0.1.0
bootstrap code read in
base = 200000, image_start = 0, image_bytes = 1a00(6656)
initializing HWRPB at 2000
initializing page table at 1ff56000
initializing machine state
setting affinity to the primary CPU
jumping to bootstrap code
NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88 ISO 9660 Primary Bootstrap
Jumping to entry point...
NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88 Secondary Bootstrap, Revision 1.13 (Sun Aug 15 22:22:52 UTC 2021)
VMS PAL rev: 0x4006800010162
OSF PAL rev: 0x400690002015c
Switch to OSF PAL code succeeded.
Boot flags: 0
11177040+185104=0xad6560
Yay! NetBSD is booting! The boot process continues until it stops and asks you what
terminal you have:
Entering netbsd at 0xfffffc0000a01410...
[ 1.0000000] Unrecognized boot flag '0'.
[ 1.0000000] Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
[ 1.0000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017,
[ 1.0000000] 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
[ 1.0000000] Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
[ 1.0000000] The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
[ 1.0000000] NetBSD 9.99.88 (INSTALL) #0: Sun Aug 15 22:22:52 UTC 2021
[ 1.0000000] mkrepro@mkrepro.NetBSD.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/alpha/compile/INSTALL
[ 1.0000000] AlphaServer ES40, 1785MHz, s/n
[ 1.0000000] 8192 byte page size, 1 processor.
[ 1.0000000] total memory = 512 MB
[ 1.0000000] (2736 KB reserved for PROM, 509 MB used by NetBSD)
[ 1.0000000] avail memory = 491 MB
[ 1.0000000] mainbus0 (root)
[ 1.0000000] cpu0 at mainbus0: ID 0 (primary), 21264C-6 (EV68CB)
[ 1.0000000] cpu0: Architecture extensions: 0x1305
[ 1.0000000] tsc0 at mainbus0: 21272 Core Logic Chipset, Cchip rev 0
[ 1.0000000] tsc0: 8 Dchips, 2 memory buses of 16 bytes
[ 1.0000000] tsc0: arrays present: 512MB, 0MB, 0MB, 0MB, Dchip 0 rev 1
[ 1.0000000] tsp0 at tsc0
[ 1.0000000] pci0 at tsp0 bus 0
[ 1.0000000] siop0 at pci0 dev 1 function 0: Symbios Logic 53c810 (fast scsi)
[ 1.0000000] siop0: interrupting at dec 6600 irq 8
[ 1.0000000] scsibus0 at siop0: 8 targets, 8 luns per target
[ 1.0000000] tlp0 at pci0 dev 4 function 0: DECchip 21143 Ethernet, pass 3.0
[ 1.0000000] tlp0: interrupting at dec 6600 irq 20
[ 1.0000000] tlp0: Ethernet address 08:00:de:ad:be:ef
[ 1.0000000] tlp0: 100baseTX, 10baseT, auto
[ 1.0000000] sio0 at pci0 dev 7 function 0: vendor 10b9 product 1533 (rev. 0xc3)
[ 1.0000000] aceride0 at pci0 dev 15 function 0: Acer Labs M5229 UDMA IDE Controller (rev. 0xc1)
[ 1.0000000] aceride0: primary channel interrupting at isa irq 14
[ 1.0000000] atabus0 at aceride0 channel 0
[ 1.0000000] aceride0: secondary channel interrupting at isa irq 15
[ 1.0000000] atabus1 at aceride0 channel 1
[ 1.0000000] isa0 at sio0
[ 1.0000000] lpt0 at isa0 port 0x3bc-0x3bf irq 7
[ 1.0000000] com0 at isa0 port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4: ns8250 or ns16450, no fifo
[ 1.0000000] com0: console
[ 1.0000000] pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60-0x64
[ 1.0000000] pckbd0 at pckbc0 (kbd slot)
[ 1.0000000] pckbc0: using irq 1 for kbd slot
[ 1.0000000] wskbd0 at pckbd0 (mux ignored)
[ 1.0000000] pms0 at pckbc0 (aux slot)
[ 1.0000000] pckbc0: using irq 12 for aux slot
[ 1.0000000] wsmouse0 at pms0 (mux ignored)
[ 1.0000000] mcclock0 at isa0 port 0x70-0x71: mc146818 compatible time-of-day clock
[ 1.0000000] tsp1 at tsc0
[ 1.0000000] pci1 at tsp1 bus 0
[ 1.0000000] tsciic at tsc0
[ 1.0000000] not configured
[ 1.0000000] entropy: WARNING: extracting entropy too early
[ 1.0083909] scsibus0: waiting 2 seconds for devices to settle...
[ 3.1186893] sd0 at scsibus0 target 0 lun 0: disk fixed
[ 3.1227910] sd0: 20480 MB, 65536 cyl, 16 head, 40 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 41943040 sectors
[ 3.1258816] sd0: async, 8-bit transfers
[ 3.1289436] cd0 at scsibus0 target 1 lun 0: cdrom removable
[ 3.1310198] cd0: async, 8-bit transfers
[ 3.1576555] root on md0a dumps on md0b
[ 3.1607318] root file system type: ffs
[ 3.1621352] kern.module.path=/stand/alpha/9.99.88/modules
Terminal type? [vt100]
Press RETURN to accept the default terminal type. The next thing you should
see is the menu driven installer:
NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88
This menu-driven tool is designed to help you install NetBSD to a hard disk,
or upgrade an existing NetBSD system, with a minimum of work.
In the following menus type the reference letter (a, b, c, ...) to select an
item, or type CTRL+N/CTRL+P to select the next/previous item.
The arrow keys and Page-up/Page-down may also work.
Activate the current selection from the menu by typing the enter key.
+---------------------------------------------+
|>a: Installation messages in English |
| b: Messages d'installation en franais |
| c: Installation auf Deutsch |
| d: Komunikaty instalacyjne w jezyku polskim |
| e: Mensajes de instalacion en castellano |
+---------------------------------------------+
I'm not going to cover the entire installation process, that would give
an enormous amount of output. It's a minimal install with default
partitioning. No network configured, no X11.
I'll highlight the steps with some output, but the installer is
so straight forward that you should be able to figure it out.
Select `>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk` to continue.
Choose the only available disk (`sd0`):
On which disk do you want to install NetBSD?
+--------------------------+
| Available disks |
| |
|>a: sd0 (20.0G) |
| b: Extended partitioning |
| x: Exit |
+--------------------------+
Select the default partitioning:
You can use a simple editor to set the sizes of the NetBSD partitions, or
apply the default partition sizes and contents.
You will then be given the opportunity to change any of the partition
details.
The NetBSD (or free) part of your disk (sd0) is 20G.
A full installation requires at least 1156M without X and at least 1456M if
the X sets are included.
+-----------------------------------+
| What would you like to do? |
| |
| a: Set sizes of NetBSD partitions |
|>b: Use default partition sizes |
| x: Cancel |
+-----------------------------------+
Review the options and select `OK`:
We now have your disklabel partitions for sd0 below. This is your last
chance to change them.
Flags: (I)nstall, (N)ewfs. Total size: 20G, free: 0B
Start (sec) End (sec) Size (sec) FS type Flag Filesystem
------------ ------------ ------------ -------- ---- ----------------
a: 0 41680895 41680896 4.2BSD IN /
b: 41680896 41943039 262144 swap
c: 0 41943039 41943040 Whole disk
------------ ------------ ------------ -------- ---- ----------------
e: Change input units (sectors/cylinders/MB/GB)
f: Edit name of the disk
g: Clone external partition(s)
h: Cancel
>x: Partition sizes ok
The installer will now format and partition the disk, output looks like this:
Status: Running
Command: /sbin/newfs -V2 -O 1 /dev/rsd0a
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/rsd0a: 428.0MB (876544 sectors) block size 8192, fragment size 1024}
using 10 cylinder groups of 42.80MB, 5479 blks, 10624 inodes.
.......................................
Select the `Minimal Installation` option. In my case the other ones failed
with error messages regarding `no space left on device`. The `Install From`
location is `CD-ROM / DVD`.
The installer will show the progress of the installation:
Status: Running
Command: progress -zf /mnt2//alpha/binary/sets/kern-GENERIC.tgz tar --chroot -xpf -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15% |***** | 2240 KiB 743.71 KiB/s 00:15 ETA
Once prompted `Hit ENTER to continue`, do so. The basic installation is complete and you
can now configure a few options.
I choose to leave all the options on their default. We're not configuring networking,
so no `ssh`. If you want you can set a root password.
Configure the additional items as needed.
>a: Configure network configure
b: Timezone UTC
c: Root shell /bin/sh
d: Change root password ***EMPTY***
e: Enable installation of binary packages install
f: Fetch and unpack pkgsrc install
g: Enable sshd NO
h: Enable ntpd NO
i: Run ntpdate at boot NO
j: Enable mdnsd NO
k: Enable xdm NO
l: Enable cgd YES
m: Enable lvm NO
n: Enable raidframe YES
o: Add a user
x: Finished configuring
Choose `x: Finished configuring`, press ENTER a few more times and exit the
installer. Shutdown the system with the command `shutdown -h now` and in
your other terminal, where AXPbox runs, exit that by pressing CTRL+C.
The installation is now finished.
### NetBSD startup
Fire up AXPbox again and open a telnet session in another terminal, just as
you did when installing NetBSD. There are two things different as to when installing,
the first is setting a boot flag to boot in to multiuser mode and the second is a
different boot device.
![bootflags][7]
The SRM firmware has the concept of boot flags, which are different for each
type of operating system. For Tru64 (unix) and thus for NetBSD, by default
the system will boot to single user mode, unless we give it a specific flag.
I've included an image with the different supported flags, taken from the SRM
reference manual for an actual AlphaServer. You can check out my [OpenVMS guide][1]
to read more about what the flags mean for OpenVMS.
On the `P00>>>` prompt, enter the following command:
P00>>>set boot_osflags a
You only need to do this once. Next time you fire up AXPbox, the flag will
be remembered.
Boot from the freshly installed NetBSD disk:
P00>>>boot dka0
Output:
(boot dka0.0.0.1.0 -flags a)
block 0 of dka0.0.0.1.0 is a valid boot block
reading 13 blocks from dka0.0.0.1.0
bootstrap code read in
base = 200000, image_start = 0, image_bytes = 1a00(6656)
initializing HWRPB at 2000
initializing page table at 1ff56000
initializing machine state
setting affinity to the primary CPU
jumping to bootstrap code
NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88 FFS Primary Bootstrap
Jumping to entry point...
NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88 Secondary Bootstrap, Revision 1.13 (Sun Aug 15 22:22:52 UTC 2021)
VMS PAL rev: 0x4006800010162
OSF PAL rev: 0x400690002015c
Switch to OSF PAL code succeeded.
Boot flags: a
13164432+233872 [645360+419227]=0xdcb718
Yay! NetBSD again. I'm always excited when you reach such a point, like an OS booting.
When you think about all the layers of emulation inbetween, it's amazing!
The output continues:
Entering netbsd at 0xfffffc0000a014b0...
[ 1.0000000] consinit: not using prom console
[ 1.0000000] Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
[ 1.0000000] 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017,
[ 1.0000000] 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
[ 1.0000000] Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
[ 1.0000000] The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
[ 1.0000000] NetBSD 9.99.88 (GENERIC) #0: Sun Aug 15 22:22:52 UTC 2021
[ 1.0000000] mkrepro@mkrepro.NetBSD.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/alpha/compile/GENERIC
[ 1.0000000] AlphaServer ES40, 1785MHz, s/n
[ 1.0000000] 8192 byte page size, 1 processor.
[ 1.0000000] total memory = 512 MB
[ 1.0000000] (2736 KB reserved for PROM, 509 MB used by NetBSD)
[ 1.0000000] avail memory = 488 MB
[ 1.0000000] mainbus0 (root)
[ 1.0000000] cpu0 at mainbus0: ID 0 (primary), 21264C-6 (EV68CB)
[ 1.0000000] cpu0: Architecture extensions: 0x1305
[ 1.0000000] tsc0 at mainbus0: 21272 Core Logic Chipset, Cchip rev 0
[ 1.0000000] tsc0: 8 Dchips, 2 memory buses of 16 bytes
[ 1.0000000] tsc0: arrays present: 512MB, 0MB, 0MB, 0MB, Dchip 0 rev 1
[ 1.0000000] tsp0 at tsc0
[ 1.0000000] pci0 at tsp0 bus 0
[ 1.0000000] siop0 at pci0 dev 1 function 0: Symbios Logic 53c810 (fast scsi)
[ 1.0000000] siop0: interrupting at dec 6600 irq 8
[ 1.0000000] scsibus0 at siop0: 8 targets, 8 luns per target
[ 1.0000000] sio0 at pci0 dev 7 function 0: Acer Labs M1533 PCI-ISA Bridge (rev. 0xc3)
[ 1.0000000] aceride0 at pci0 dev 15 function 0: Acer Labs M5229 UDMA IDE Controller (rev. 0xc1)
[ 1.0000000] aceride0: primary channel interrupting at isa irq 14
[ 1.0000000] atabus0 at aceride0 channel 0
[ 1.0000000] aceride0: secondary channel interrupting at isa irq 15
[ 1.0000000] atabus1 at aceride0 channel 1
[ 1.0000000] isa0 at sio0
[ 1.0000000] lpt0 at isa0 port 0x3bc-0x3bf irq 7
[ 1.0000000] com0 at isa0 port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4: ns8250 or ns16450, no fifo
[ 1.0000000] com0: console
[ 1.0000000] pckbc0 at isa0 port 0x60-0x64
[ 1.0000000] pckbd0 at pckbc0 (kbd slot)
[ 1.0000000] pckbc0: using irq 1 for kbd slot
[ 1.0000000] wskbd0 at pckbd0 mux 1
[ 1.0000000] pms0 at pckbc0 (aux slot)
[ 1.0000000] pckbc0: using irq 12 for aux slot
[ 1.0000000] wsmouse0 at pms0 mux 0
[ 1.0000000] attimer0 at isa0 port 0x40-0x43
[ 1.0000000] pcppi0 at isa0 port 0x61
[ 1.0000000] spkr0 at pcppi0: PC Speaker
[ 1.0000000] wsbell at spkr0 not configured
[ 1.0000000] midi0 at pcppi0: PC speaker
[ 1.0000000] isabeep0 at pcppi0
[ 1.0000000] mcclock0 at isa0 port 0x70-0x71: mc146818 compatible time-of-day clock
[ 1.0000000] attimer0: attached to pcppi0
[ 1.0000000] tsp1 at tsc0
[ 1.0000000] pci1 at tsp1 bus 0
[ 1.0000000] tsciic0 at tsc0
[ 1.0000000] iic0 at tsciic0: I2C bus
[ 1.0000000] entropy: WARNING: extracting entropy too early
[ 1.0117272] scsibus0: waiting 2 seconds for devices to settle...
[ 3.0219763] sd0 at scsibus0 target 0 lun 0: disk fixed
[ 3.0258952] sd0: 20480 MB, 65536 cyl, 16 head, 40 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 41943040 sectors
[ 3.0278523] sd0: async, 8-bit transfers
[ 3.0307854] cd0 at scsibus0 target 1 lun 0: cdrom removable
[ 3.0327430] cd0: async, 8-bit transfers
[ 3.0709108] root on sd0a dumps on sd0b
[ 3.0767888] root file system type: ffs
[ 3.0787464] kern.module.path=/stand/alpha/9.99.88/modules
Thu Aug 26 16:13:07 UTC 2021
Because I had exited the emulater a few times without shutting down the operating
system, it had to do a disk check. Takes about 5 minutes:
Starting root file system check:
/dev/rsd0a: UNREF FILE I=391813 OWNER=0 MODE=100600
/dev/rsd0a: SIZE=0 MTIME=Aug 26 16:10 2021 (CLEARED)
/dev/rsd0a: FREE BLK COUNT(S) WRONG IN SUPERBLK (SALVAGED)
/dev/rsd0a: SUMMARY INFORMATION BAD (SALVAGED)
/dev/rsd0a: BLK(S) MISSING IN BIT MAPS (SALVAGED)
/dev/rsd0a: 7355 files, 97258 used, 9945101 free (437 frags, 1243083 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
/dev/rsd0a: MARKING FILE SYSTEM CLEAN
Boot output continues:
Setting sysctl variables:
ddb.onpanic: 1 -> 0
[ 195.0098685] cd0: no disk label
swapctl: setting dump device to /dev/sd0b
swapctl: adding /dev/sd0b as swap device at priority 0
Starting file system checks:
rndctl: no entropy in seed
Setting tty flags.
Starting network.
Hostname: netbsd.spnw.nl
IPv6 mode: host
Configuring network interfaces:.
Adding interface aliases:.
route: writing to routing socket: Network is unreachable
add net default: gateway 192.168.11.1: Network is unreachable
Waiting for duplicate address detection to finish...
Building databases: dev, utmp, utmpx, services.
Starting syslogd.
Mounting all file systems...
Clearing temporary files.
Checking quotas: done.
Setting securelevel: kern.securelevel: 0 -> 1
[ 222.5400920] cd0: no disk label
swapctl: setting dump device to /dev/sd0b
Starting virecover.
Checking for core dump...
savecore: no core dump
Starting local daemons:.
Updating motd.
At first I had SSH enabled, on first boot it generated host keys, which took almost an hour:
ssh-keygen: 1024 SHA256:o7jEPyk463sM62tU9m3QMIIQqPBWa95yIlqVayPbaW0 root@netbsd.spnw.nl (DSA)
ssh-keygen: 521 SHA256:4SNpVX3HRzkLQ7MymTryocCoJZ518iPbb3gLiZexmwg root@netbsd.spnw.nl (ECDSA)
ssh-keygen: 256 SHA256:YR3WQJK38h3Nc4hrGgBtvPTPn8eawBtDoiETfrwzmoc root@netbsd.spnw.nl (ED25519)
ssh-keygen: 3072 SHA256:lQdGTEzlJHpo7EDHrRbx2Q1C1zh1B6JDbe3wDWoAjtA root@netbsd.spnw.nl (RSA)
Starting sshd.
postfix: rebuilding /etc/mail/aliases (missing /etc/mail/aliases.db)
Starting postfix.
Starting inetd.
Starting cron.
Thu Aug 26 16:25:54 UTC 2021
NetBSD/alpha (netbsd.spnw.nl) (constty)
login:
Enter the username `root` and if you set a password during install, also enter that. You
should now be logged in:
Aug 26 16:26:38 netbsd login: ROOT LOGIN (root) on tty constty
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017,
2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
NetBSD 9.99.88 (GENERIC) #0: Sun Aug 15 22:22:52 UTC 2021
Welcome to NetBSD!
This is a development snapshot of NetBSD for testing -- user beware!
Bug reports: https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html
Donations to the NetBSD Foundation: https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
We recommend that you create a non-root account and use su(1) for root access.
netbsd#
Now the system is all yours to play with. This article covers package installation via
an ISO file and some crashes I had, but if you know your way around NetBSD you can stop
here.
Some system information:
netbsd# uname -a
NetBSD netbsd.spnw.nl 9.99.88 NetBSD 9.99.88 (GENERIC) #0: Sun Aug 15 22:22:52 UTC 2021 mkrepro@mkrepro.NetBSD.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/alpha/compile/GENERIC alpha
It's not possible to see what kind of CPU NetBSD thinks there is:
netbsd# cat /proc/cpuinfo
netbsd# cpuctl identify 0
CPU identification not implemented for this architecture.
`dmesg` output does have some info:
netbsd# dmesg | grep MHz
[ 1.000000] AlphaServer ES40, 1785MHz, s/n
In the QEMU guide, that output was:
6600 family, unknown model variation 0x1400, 250MHz, s/n QEMU
To speed up the system, you can disable a few services in `/etc/rc.conf`:
sshd=NO
inetd=NO
postfix=NO
cron=NO
syslogd=NO
Networking does not work, so `postfix`, `inetd` and `sshd` are not needed.
`inetd` starts services once you connect to a port, but we can't do that
when we have no network. Postfix is for email, which is quite useless without
network.
`cron` and `syslogd` could be useful, but disk IO is not fast, so disabling them
speeds up the system a noticeable amount.
#### Autoboot NetBSD via SRM
As I showed in the OpenVMS guide, with the below SRM commands you can make
AXPbox boot into NetBSD by default, that way you don't have to type
the `boot dka0` command each time you fire up AXPbox.
P00>>>set auto_action boot
P00>>>set bootdef_dev dka0
You cannot undo those commands, or at least I haven't found out how.
### Installing packages
Since we have no network, we cannot use `pkgin` or `fetch` or
`ftp` to download packages. A trick I used in the OpenVMS
install guide to install the OpenVMS license was to create
an ISO file on the host OS (where you run AXPbox) and mount
that ISO file inside the virtualized OS (OpenVMS in that case),
transferring the file that way.
That trick also works with NetBSD. I'm going to show you how
to install the `sysbench` package, because that is a simple
package without dependencies. Start by creating a folder
for the packages:
mkdir pkg
cd pkg
Download the package:
wget https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/alpha/9.2/All/sysbench-0.4.12nb8.tgz
Go up one folder:
cd ..
Turn that folder into an ISO file:
genisoimage -V pkg -o pkg.iso pkg/
Output:
Total translation table size: 0
Total rockridge attributes bytes: 0
Total directory bytes: 0
Path table size(bytes): 10
Max brk space used 0
202 extents written (0 MB)
Make sure AXPbox is not running. Edit `es40.cfg` and replace the `netbsd.iso`
filename with our new ISO: `pkg.iso`:
disk0.1 = file
{
file = "pkg.iso";
cdrom = true;
read_only = true;
}
Fire up AXPbox and boot into NetBSD. Once logged in, mount the ISO file:
netbsd# mount /dev/cd0a /mnt
Output:
[ 1092.6207707] cd0: no disk label
[ 1092.6246875] cd0: no disk label
[ 1092.7029975] cd0: no disk label
In `/mnt` you should now see the package we put on the ISO:
netbsd# ls -la /mnt
Output:
total 59
dr-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 2048 Aug 27 06:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 20 root wheel 512 Aug 26 16:05 ..
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 56803 Jul 16 11:27 sysbench.tgz
Install the package:
netbsd# pkg_add /mnt/sysbench.tgz
Output:
pkg_add: Warning: package `sysbench-0.4.12nb8' was built for a platform:
pkg_add: NetBSD/alpha 9.0 (pkg) vs. NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88 (this host)
You can repeat this process for as many packages as you want. It becomes a
bit more difficult when you have dependencies, as you need to manually install
those in the correct order. This is the output I got when installing `screenfetch`:
pkg_add: Warning: package `screenfetch-3.9.1' was built for a platform:
pkg_add: NetBSD/alpha 9.0 (pkg) vs. NetBSD/alpha 9.99.88 (this host)
pkg_add: no pkg found for 'curl-[0-9]*', sorry.
pkg_add: Can't install dependency curl-[0-9]*
pkg_add: Expected dependency curl-[0-9]* still missing
pkg_add: 1 package addition failed
The `curl` package depends on `libidn` and so forth, it took a while to get
`screenfetch` installed.
You do not have to reboot AXPbox every time you update the ISO. Unmount it
in NetBSD (`umount /mnt`), add a package to the `pkg` folder and re-issue
the `genisoimage` command. Mount the disk in NetBSD and you should see the
new package. I'm not sure if this is intended, but as far as I tested it,
it seems to work. If you do get weird errors, reboot netbsd or terminate and
restart AXPbox to make sure the ISO file is re-read.
### OpenSSL Benchmark
In [the QEMU][2] article I also posted some benchmarks, both OpenSSL
and `sysbench`. `OpenSSL speed` failed horribly on QEMU, overflowing
numbers, no output or `infinity`. On AXPbox however, the benchmark
runs fine.
[This article][10] has some benchmarks on Debian 5.0 on QEMU Alpha, including
`OpenSSL speed`. [EmuVM][11] has a few benchmarks as well, both real Alpha
machines as their commercial emulator. Most of the other benchmarks do not
run on NetBSD (Only OpenVMS or Tru64), so reproducing that is hard. OpenSSL
however, is included on NetBSD by default. Newer version, but hopefully
comparable results.
`OpenSSL speed` is a performance benchmark for each of the available
algorithms. Because this is an old CPU architecture, and because [the other
article][10] does so (as well as [EmuVM][11]), I'm trying just the `md5` and
`rsa` benchmarks.
Here are the results for RSA:
netbsd# openssl speed rsa
Doing 512 bits private rsa's for 10s: 576 512 bits private RSA's in 10.10s
Doing 512 bits public rsa's for 10s: 5950 512 bits public RSA's in 10.07s
Doing 1024 bits private rsa's for 10s: 118 1024 bits private RSA's in 10.09s
Doing 1024 bits public rsa's for 10s: 2363 1024 bits public RSA's in 10.07s
Doing 2048 bits private rsa's for 10s: 18 2048 bits private RSA's in 10.08s
Doing 2048 bits public rsa's for 10s: 654 2048 bits public RSA's in 10.06s
Doing 3072 bits private rsa's for 10s: 6 3072 bits private RSA's in 10.48s
Doing 3072 bits public rsa's for 10s: 283 3072 bits public RSA's in 10.08s
Doing 4096 bits private rsa's for 10s: 3 4096 bits private RSA's in 12.09s
Doing 4096 bits public rsa's for 10s: 156 4096 bits public RSA's in 10.09s
Doing 7680 bits private rsa's for 10s: 1 7680 bits private RSA's in 28.09s
Doing 7680 bits public rsa's for 10s: 44 7680 bits public RSA's in 10.09s
OpenSSL 1.1.1k 25 Mar 2021
NetBSD 9.99.88
options:bn(64,64) rc4(int) des(int) aes(partial) idea(int) blowfish(ptr)
gcc version 10.3.0 (NetBSD nb1 20210411)
sign verify sign/s verify/s
rsa 512 bits 0.017528s 0.001692s 57.0 590.8
rsa 1024 bits 0.085515s 0.004262s 11.6 234.6
rsa 2048 bits 0.560221s 0.015389s 1.7 64.9
rsa 3072 bits 1.746093s 0.035615s 0.5 28.0
rsa 4096 bits 4.030598s 0.064678s 0.2 15.4
rsa 7680 bits 28.090820s 0.229292s 0.0 4.3
These are the results for MD5:
netbsd# openssl speed md5
Doing md5 for 3s on 16 size blocks: 67630 md5's in 3.02s
Doing md5 for 3s on 64 size blocks: 44047 md5's in 3.02s
Doing md5 for 3s on 256 size blocks: 21973 md5's in 3.02s
Doing md5 for 3s on 1024 size blocks: 7252 md5's in 3.02s
Doing md5 for 3s on 8192 size blocks: 1027 md5's in 3.02s
Doing md5 for 3s on 16384 size blocks: 488 md5's in 3.02s
OpenSSL 1.1.1k 25 Mar 2021
NetBSD 9.99.88
options:bn(64,64) rc4(int) des(int) aes(partial) idea(int) blowfish(ptr)
gcc version 10.3.0 (NetBSD nb1 20210411)
The 'numbers' are in 1000s of bytes per second processed.
type 16 bytes 64 bytes 256 bytes 1024 bytes 8192 bytes 16384 bytes
md5 358.12k 933.28k 1861.69k 2456.95k 2783.55k 2644.47k
The NetBSD version is exactly the same as with QEMU, so it seems unlikely
that the issue with QEMU is in OpenSSL or NetBSD. Which is weird because
[the other article][11] runs the same commands that do work in Debian 5.0.
### sysbench
In the earlier section we installed the `sysbench` package. Sysbench is quite
a populair cross platform benchmarking tool and it even gave reasonable
results, as opposed to OpenSSL. It's an older version, currently we're at
sysbench 1.0.20 and NetBSD has 0.4.12.
Here are the results, the tests are the same as in the [QEMU article][2].
CPU:
netbsd# sysbench --test=cpu run --max-time=30
sysbench 0.4.12: multi-threaded system evaluation benchmark
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 1
Doing CPU performance benchmark
Threads started!
Time limit exceeded, exiting...
Done.
Maximum prime number checked in CPU test: 10000
Test execution summary:
total time: 30.6455s
total number of events: 19
total time taken by event execution: 30.6395
per-request statistics:
min: 1556.20ms
avg: 1612.60ms
max: 1679.96ms
approx. 95 percentile: 1679.39ms
Threads fairness:
events (avg/stddev): 19.0000/0.00
execution time (avg/stddev): 30.6395/0.00
Memory:
netbsd# sysbench --test=memory run --max-time=60
sysbench 0.4.12: multi-threaded system evaluation benchmark
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 1
Doing memory operations speed test
Memory block size: 1K
Memory transfer size: 102400M
Memory operations type: write
Memory scope type: global
Threads started!
Time limit exceeded, exiting...
Done.
Operations performed: 457799 ( 7629.74 ops/sec)
447.07 MB transferred (7.45 MB/sec)
Test execution summary:
total time: 60.0019s
total number of events: 457799
total time taken by event execution: 41.2108
per-request statistics:
min: 0.08ms
avg: 0.09ms
max: 14.55ms
approx. 95 percentile: 0.05ms
Threads fairness:
events (avg/stddev): 457799.0000/0.00
execution time (avg/stddev): 41.2108/0.00
File IO:
netbsd# sysbench --test=fileio --file-test-mode=seqwr --file-num=8 run --max-time=60
sysbench 0.4.12: multi-threaded system evaluation benchmark
Running the test with following options:
Number of threads: 1
Extra file open flags: 0
8 files, 256Mb each
2Gb total file size
Block size 16Kb
Periodic FSYNC enabled, calling fsync() each 100 requests.
Calling fsync() at the end of test, Enabled.
Using synchronous I/O mode
Doing sequential write (creation) test
Threads started!
Time limit exceeded, exiting...
Done.
Operations performed: 0 Read, 37353 Write, 0 Other = 37353 Total
Read 0b Written 583.64Mb Total transferred 583.64Mb (9.7263Mb/sec)
622.48 Requests/sec executed
Test execution summary:
total time: 60.0063s
total number of events: 37353
total time taken by event execution: 58.1965
per-request statistics:
min: 0.81ms
avg: 1.56ms
max: 2405.82ms
approx. 95 percentile: 2.41ms
Threads fairness:
events (avg/stddev): 37353.0000/0.00
execution time (avg/stddev): 58.1965/0.00
### Comparing AXPbox and QEMU benchmarks
Comparing the results to QEMU is interesting. Summarized below are the AXPbox results:
CPU: total number of events: 19
Memory: 447.07 MB transferred (7.45 MB/sec)
Disk: Operations performed: 0 Read, 37353 Write, 0 Other = 37353 Total
Read 0b Written 583.64Mb Total transferred 583.64Mb (9.7263Mb/sec)
622.48 Requests/sec executed
These are the QEMU results, running on the same host machine and the same NetBSD version:
CPU: total number of events: 532
Memory: 1228.18 MB transferred (20.47 MB/sec)
Disk: Operations performed: 0 Read, 131072 Write, 8 Other = 131080 Total
Read 0b Written 2Gb Total transferred 2Gb (34.332Mb/sec)
2197.25 Requests/sec executed
The emulation provided by QEMU seems to be faster by a large amount, on all three
tests. This is a basic benchmark and we have to keep in mind that both emulators
emulate different hardware and that the core code of AXPbox is over 10 years old.
### Kernel error too much memory
If you boot the installer more than 512 MB of RAM (`memory.bits > 29;`), the
installation will crash during formatting the disk. The disk size does not
matter, I tried it with 500MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 5 GB, 10 GB and 20 GB disk files.
Default partitioning sizes. Here's the output of the installer:
Status: Command ended on signal
Command: /sbin/newfs -V2 -O 1 /dev/rsd0a
Hit enter to continue
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/rsd0a: 4992.0MB (10223616 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048
using 28 cylinder groups of 178.30MB, 11411 blks, 22528 inodes.
...............................................................................
cg 0: bad magic number
Issuing that command manually inside a shell on the installer gives more information:
# /sbin/newfs -V2 -O 1 /dev/sd0
/dev/rsd0: 20480.0MB (41943040 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048
using 112 cylinder groups of 182.86MB, 11703 blks, 23168 inodes.
...............................................................................
cg 0: bad magic number
[ 3981.4779427] CPU 0: fatal kernel trap:
[ 3981.4789302] CPU 0 trap entry = 0x2 (memory management fault)
[ 3981.4789302] CPU 0 a0 = 0x58
[ 3981.4804219] CPU 0 a1 = 0x1
[ 3981.4811477] CPU 0 a2 = 0x0
[ 3981.4811477] CPU 0 pc = 0xfffffc0000a40720
[ 3981.4825466] CPU 0 ra = 0xfffffc0000a40714
[ 3981.4833153] CPU 0 pv = 0xfffffc0000a548b8
[ 3981.4840840] CPU 0 curlwp = 0xfffffc007fc51240
[ 3981.4848502] CPU 0 pid = 188, comm = newfs
[ 3981.4848502] panic: trap
[ 3981.4861366] cpu0: Begin traceback...
[ 3981.4868367] alpha trace requires known PC =eject=
[ 3981.4868367] cpu0: End traceback...
Stopped in pid 188.188 (newfs) at fffffc0000a53b00: ret zero,(ra
)
db>
### Kernel error with networking
AXPbox supports networking, which works reasonably well with OpenVMS. This is the part
you put in your config to enable it:
pci0.4 = dec21143
{
adapter = "eth0";
mac = "08-00-DE-AD-BE-EF";
}
The NetBSD installer sees the adapter and allows you to configure it:
Which network device would you like to use?
+-------------------------+
| Available interfaces |
| |
|>a: tlp0 |
| x: Cancel |
+-------------------------+
I choose autoselect the first time:
To be able to use the network, we need answers to the following:
Network media type [autoselect]:
+-------------------------------+
| Perform autoconfiguration? |
| |
|>a: Yes |
| b: No |
+-------------------------------+
It kept hanging on DHCP requests with error messages from `dmesg` inbetween:
Status: Running
Command: /sbin/dhcpcd -d -n tlp0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
spawned master process on PID 4198
tlp0: executing: /libexec/dhcpcd-run-hooks PREINIT
tlp0: waiting for carrier
tlp0: carrier unknown, assuming up
tlp0: executing: /libexec/dhcpcd-run-hooks CARRIER
DUID 00:01:00:01:28:b7:bd:ba:08:00:de:ad:be:ef
tlp0: IAID de:ad:be:ef
tlp0: delaying IPv4 for 0.8 seconds
[ 824.6727] tlp0: receive process failed to idle: state RUNNING - WAIT
tlp0: reading lease: /var/db/dhcpcd/tlp0.lease
tlp0: soliciting a DHCP lease
[ 826.4716] tlp0: receive process failed to idle: state RUNNING - WAIT
tlp0: sending DISCOVER (xid 0xc91b4a68), next in 4.6 seconds
If you do configure networking manually in the installer and boot up the installed
NetBSD system, it panics and reboots:
/dev/rsd0a: file system is clean; not checking
Setting sysctl variables:
ddb.onpanic: 1 -> 0
[ 7.9697692] cd0: no disk label
swapctl: setting dump device to /dev/sd0b
swapctl: adding /dev/sd0b as swap device at priority 0
Starting file system checks:
rndctl: no entropy in seed
Setting tty flags.
Starting network.
Hostname: netbsd.spnw.nl
IPv6 mode: host
Configuring network interfaces: tlp0[ 13.7300354] tlp0: receive process failed to idle: state RUNNING - WAIT
[ 13.7666263] tlp0: receive process failed to idle: state RUNNING - WAIT
[ 13.7854181] tlp0: receive process failed to idle: state RUNNING - WAIT
[ 13.7962981] stray dec 6600 irq 20
[ 13.7980337] stray dec 6600 irq 20
[ 13.7987652] stray dec 6600 irq 20
[ 13.7994967] stray dec 6600 irq 20
[ 13.8002541] stray dec 6600 irq 20; stopped logging
[ 13.8002541] panic: kernel diagnostic assertion "mutex_owned(&cpu_lock)" failed: file "/usr/src/sys/arch/alpha/pci/pci_6600.c", line 362
[ 13.8032401] cpu0: Begin traceback...
[ 13.8032401] alpha trace requires known PC =eject=
[ 13.8045611] cpu0: End traceback...
[ 13.8045611] dump to dev 8,1 not possible
[ 13.8045611] rebooting...
### Kernel error with AXPBox VGA Graphics
![crash][13]
Configuring AXPbox to use the graphics console [as per the documentation][5]
sadly also crashed NetBSD as the above screenshot shows. Both `cirrus` as
`s3` crash the system with the same kind of error message.
If in the future these errors get fixed, I'll update the guide accordingly.
[1]: /s/tutorials/Installing_OpenVMS_8.4_Alpha_in_AXPbox_with_networking.html
[2]: /s/articles/NetBSD_on_QEMU_Alpha.html
[3]: https://web.archive.org/web/20210827075725/https://github.com/lenticularis39/axpbox/graphs/contributors
[4]: /s/articles/Remote_desktop_on_NetBSD_with_Xnest_no_VNC.html
[5]: https://github.com/lenticularis39/axpbox/wiki/VGA
[6]: /s/blog/The_sad_state_of_Alpha_emulators_for_OpenVMS.html
[7]: /s/inc/img/netbsd-axpbox-2.png
[8]: https://nycdn.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/HEAD/latest/images/
[9]: https://www.netbsd.org/releases/current.html
[10]: https://boxes-of-tat.blogspot.com/2021/06/linux-for-alpha-on-qemu-system.html
[11]: http://web.archive.org/web/20210827055720/https://emuvm.com/support/benchmarks/
[12]: /s/inc/img/netbsd-axpbox-3.png
[13]: /s/inc/img/netbsd-axpbox-1.png
---
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